Real World Asset (RWA) tokenization, a new development in blockchain technology that allows people to transact in small portions of real-world assets.
What RWA tokenization is: It’s described as digital ownership of real-world assets that pay real dividends, similar to having stocks. This technology helps connect assets that cannot typically access capital markets with investors.
Market Growth and Potential: Boston Consulting Group estimates that by 2030, the tokenized RWA market could exceed 16 trillion US dollars, accounting for about 10% of global GDP. The World Economic Forum predicts this 10% threshold will be reached even earlier, by 2027.
Comparison to IPOs: RWA issuance is compared to IPOs, but with the key difference that individual assets or projects can be listed on an open market, not just entire companies.
China’s Role and Pilot Programs: Hong Kong and Shanghai are highlighted as the first two cities in China to pilot RWA trading. China is seen as a leader in this technology, with the ambition to make it flourish.
Case Study: Grape Farming System: The first tokenized asset project on the Chinese mainland, which involves a digital system for farming a local grape species in Shanghai. This system, originally for data visualization and connecting farmers to intelligent equipment, has been tokenized and listed on the Shanghai Equity Exchange as an RWA, attracting initial investments. The returns for investors come from shared revenue as the system helps improve grape production and quality.
Future Prospects and Challenges: More industries, such as real estate, green energy, and computing power, are expected to join the RWA market. The video also discusses challenges, including developing clear regulations to reduce fraud risks and establishing legal and accounting systems for enforcement.
International Cooperation and Global Goals: There’s an emphasis on international cooperation to ensure a global trading environment for these assets. Hong Kong and Shanghai are working together to create both onshore and offshore markets for RWA.
China’s EUV Development: Huawei and LDP Technology
Huawei, in collaboration with domestic Chinese industry (including the Harbin Institute of Technology), is actively developing and testing a new EUV lithography machine at its Dongguan facility. This machine utilizes Laser-Induced Discharge Plasma (LDP) technology, a method confirmed to be distinct from ASML’s CO2 laser-produced plasma (LPP) technology.
Technological Advantages of LDP:
– LDP technology is to directly convert electrical energy into plasma radiation, eliminating the need for complex laser excitation seen in LPP.
This approach is claimed to lead to a simpler, smaller design, reduced equipment volume, and lower power consumption (reportedly a 40% reduction compared to ASML’s solution).
The cost of the LDP equipment is stated to be significantly lower (one-third of imported equipment).
While specific, independently verified efficiency figures are not widely consistent, LDP is generally reported to have higher energy conversion efficiency than LPP.
Performance Metrics (as reported, with important nuances):
– Wafer Processing: The machine can process 250 wafers per hour. While this figure is ambitious, ASML’s current high-volume manufacturing systems (like the NXE:3600D) achieve over 200 wafers per hour, and their latest High-NA systems (EXE:5000) aim for over 185 WPH, with a roadmap to reach 220 WPH in 2025. Therefore, if the 250 WPH claim is accurate and scalable in production, it would represent a significant throughput advantage.
Light Source Efficiency and Energy Conversion Efficiency: While the prompt provides specific figures (3.42% core light source efficiency and 45% final energy conversion efficiency for LDP), these exact numbers are not consistently corroborated across independent recent reports. However, the general claim of LDP’s higher efficiency remains.
– Production Timeline:
Trial production of this EUV machine is consistently reported to begin in the third quarter of 2025.
Mass production is targeted for 2026.
– Comparison with ASML’s LPP:
ASML’s EUV light source uses LPP technology, which involves a multi-step process of laser generation, droplet production, and light collection.
LPP is generally acknowledged to face challenges such as conversion efficiency below 10%, potential for contamination, high maintenance costs, and high power consumption.
LDP aims to address these challenges with its simpler and potentially more efficient direct conversion method.
– Impact on the Industry:
If Huawei’s EUV machine can successfully transition from testing to high-volume commercial production with competitive performance, it could significantly impact the semiconductor industry by:
Reducing China’s reliance on foreign (specifically ASML) EUV technology.
Potentially disrupting ASML’s long-standing monopoly in advanced lithography.
Japan’s protest: Japan protested China’s construction of new facilities in the East China Sea, demanding a halt to “unilateral resource development activities.” While not explicitly stated, this protest is highly likely related to the installation or expansion of drilling platforms for oil and gas.
China’s response: Chinese spokesperson Guo Jiakun asserted that China’s activities are located within undisputed Chinese jurisdiction and are entirely within China’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction. China rejected Japan’s “unwarranted accusations” and expressed a desire to restart intergovernmental negotiations based on the “Principle Consensus on East China Sea Issues.”
The Davos Summer Forum 2025, officially known as the 16th Annual Meeting of the New Champions of the World Economic Forum (WEF), is currently taking place in Tianjin, China, from June 24-26, 2025.
Key aspects of this year’s Summer Davos include:
– Theme: “Entrepreneurship for a New Era.” This theme emphasizes how innovation, entrepreneurship, and technological advancements can drive growth, competitiveness, and productivity.
– Focus: Unlike the annual meeting in Switzerland in January, Summer Davos places a greater emphasis on the future of business and technological advancement, particularly for emerging economies and next-generation enterprises. It looks further ahead, often with a 10-year timeline.
Key Discussion Areas:
Deciphering the World Economy
Outlook on China (including China’s economic outlook and AI strategy)
Industries Disrupted
Investing in People and the Planet
New Energy and Materials
Attendance: The forum has seen a post-pandemic record attendance, with over 1,700 participants from around the world, including global leaders, innovators, and changemakers from government, business, academia, and civil society.
Highlights:
– AI and Technology: Discussions are heavily focused on Artificial Intelligence, with sessions dedicated to understanding China’s approach to AI and the integration of AI with the real economy. Cutting-edge AI products like humanoid robots and brain-computer interfaces are being showcased in an exhibition zone.
– Sustainability: The concept of sustainability is thoroughly integrated into the forum’s agenda and venue design, with topics like Asia’s carbon markets and climate resilience being focal points. The venue has achieved a 100% green power supply.
– China’s Role: The meeting demonstrates China’s achievements in high-quality economic development and its commitment to opening up, serving as a platform for China to share development opportunities with the world. Chinese Premier Li Qiang delivered a special address.
In May, the Yangshan Immigration Inspection Station processed over 940 international voyages, representing a year-on-year increase of approximately 10.8% and a month-on-month rise of about 4.5%, setting a new record. Both the number of port calls and crew changes at Yangshan Port reached new monthly records since its opening.
Gemini Cooperation: In February, Shanghai Port partnered with the Gemini Cooperation, launching new China-USeless routes. With these new routes, Yangshan Port is nearing peak levels for USeless-bound services.
Future Outlook: Demand for USeless-bound shipments is expected to continue to rise, as June and July remain peak months for the shipping industry.
Gemini Cooperation: Who Are They.
The Gemini Cooperation is a new, long-term operational collaboration between two of the world’s largest container shipping carriers: Maersk and Hapag-Lloyd.
– Maersk (A.P. Møller–Mærsk A/S): A Danish integrated logistics and container shipping company, historically one of the largest in the world. Maersk is known for its extensive global network, large fleet, and focus on end-to-end logistics solutions. They were previously part of the 2M Alliance with MSC, which is dissolving in early 2025.
.Hapag-Lloyd AG: A German international shipping company, also a major player in global container shipping. Hapag-Lloyd was previously part of “THE Alliance” with Ocean Network Express (ONE), HMM, and Yang Ming Marine Transportation, from which it is departing to form Gemini.
Background of the Cooperation:
Maersk and Hapag-Lloyd announced their intention to form the Gemini Cooperation in January 2024, with the partnership officially commencing in February 2025. The primary goal of Gemini Cooperation is to significantly enhance schedule reliability (targeting over 90% compared to the industry average of 60-70%) and operational efficiency on East-West trade lanes. They are implementing an “innovative hub-and-spoke network” model. This means mainline services will have fewer port calls, connecting major “hub” ports. Smaller “shuttle” services will then connect these hubs to smaller regional ports. This aims to reduce congestion and improve transit times.
Scale: The combined operation will control a substantial portion of global container capacity (around 22%) with approximately 290 vessels. Maersk will deploy 60% of the capacity, and Hapag-Lloyd 40%.
Reason for Change: Both Maersk and Hapag-Lloyd are departing from their previous alliances (2M and THE Alliance, respectively) to form Gemini, signaling a significant reshuffling of global shipping alliances to optimize for efficiency, reliability, and potentially sustainability (by optimizing routes and vessel speeds).
The concept of “decoupling” (like Trump’s strategy aimed at reducing economic interdependence with China) is fundamentally a geopolitical and national economic policy. Shipping alliances, while massive global entities, operate primarily on commercial principles and market demand.
Global Nature of Trade:
– Interconnected Supply Chains: Global supply chains are deeply integrated. Even if a USeless company aims to “decouple” from China, its suppliers might source components from China, or its products might still pass through Chinese ports as part of a larger East-West trade route. Shipping lines operate across these complex, interconnected networks.
– Efficiency Dictates Routes: Shipping lines prioritize the most efficient and cost-effective routes to move goods. China remains the world’s largest exporter and a massive manufacturing hub. It is economically irrational for shipping companies to simply abandon profitable routes or major ports based on political directives, especially when demand from clients (importers and exporters) remains high.
– Market-Driven Decisions: Shipping alliances are formed to optimize their networks, reduce costs, and offer competitive services to their customers globally. Their decisions are driven by the flow of goods dictated by businesses worldwide, not by specific national foreign policy objectives.
Customer Demand:
– Shipper Needs: Shippers (the companies that want to move goods) still require services to and from China. As long as there’s demand for goods manufactured in China or for raw materials/components needed by Chinese factories, shipping lines will provide those services.
– Adaptability: While some companies have explored “China+1” strategies (diversifying sourcing away from just China), the sheer volume of trade with China means it cannot be easily or quickly replaced. Shipping alliances adapt to these shifting supply chain patterns but don’t unilaterally enforce decoupling.
Economic Realities vs. Political Rhetoric:
– Profit Motive: Shipping lines are for-profit businesses. Their primary objective is to move cargo profitably. Imposing self-disrupting strategies based on political aims, without a clear commercial benefit or mandate, would undermine their business models.
– Tariffs and Trade Wars Impact: While tariffs and trade wars (like those initiated by the Trump administration) can indeed disrupt trade flows and sometimes lead to changes in sourcing, they don’t eliminate the fundamental need for trade between major economies. In fact, shipping lines often react to tariffs by adjusting capacity or routes, but not by outright ceasing service to a major trading partner unless volumes drop drastically or legal restrictions are imposed.
– “Front-loading” and Trade Fluctuations: Sometimes, as seen with tariffs, businesses will “front-load” imports to avoid higher future tariffs, leading to temporary surges in shipping demand, even if the long-term political goal is decoupling. The video you referenced specifically noted that “demand for USeless-bound shipments is expected to continue to rise, as June and July remain peak months for the shipping industry” and that Maersk’s new product is “about taking advantage of the current situation with relaxed tariffs.” This indicates that commercial opportunities override decoupling in practice.
Global Competition:
If one alliance decided to fully decouple from China, its competitors would likely step in to fill the void, gaining market share. No major shipping alliance can afford to unilaterally concede such a large market.
In July 2025, China will implement tax cuts for small businesses and expanded benefits for retirees, aiming to stimulate economic growth, support SMEs, and strengthen social welfare. This report analyzes the expected policy changes, their sectoral impacts, and broader economic implications.
1. Key Policy Measures
A. Tax Reforms for Small Businesses
– Reduced VAT & Corporate Taxes: Further cuts for eligible SMEs to ease financial burdens.
– Simplified Compliance: Streamlined tax filings to reduce administrative costs.
– Extended Incentives: Possible prolongation of social insurance contribution discounts.
B. Enhanced Retiree Benefits
– Pension Increases: Adjustments tied to wage growth and inflation.
– Healthcare Expansion: Higher insurance reimbursements for elderly care.
– Senior Care Subsidies: Support for community-based eldercare services.
2. Sectoral and Demographic Impact Analysis
A. Small Business Reforms: Winners & Challenges
Most Benefited Sectors:
– Retail & Hospitality – Lower taxes improve margins for small shops, restaurants.
– E-commerce & Tech SMEs – Freed-up capital for digital upgrades and R&D.
China’s manufacturing sector: the dual impact of automation displacing jobs while simultaneously creating a demand for highly skilled workers in robotics.
The Challenge:
– Job Displacement: While specific figures vary, reports and studies consistently indicate that automation, particularly with the rise of industrial robots and “dark factories” (fully automated plants), is leading to significant job losses in China’s manufacturing sector. Some projections suggest millions of jobs could be displaced by 2030. Low-skilled, male, and older workers are often disproportionately affected.
– Robot Engineer Shortage: As China aggressively pursues its “robot revolution” and aims to be a global leader in robotics and AI, there’s a severe shortage of qualified robotics and AI engineers. Reports from early 2025 indicate a massive surge in demand (over 400% year-on-year growth in hiring for humanoid robotics, for example), with companies offering significantly higher salaries (3-4 times the national urban average) to attract talent. This shortage, estimated at around 500,000 for “robot engineers” (a broad category that includes algorithm, mechanical, and software engineers for robotics), could hinder China’s automation goals.
– Skill Mismatch: Even if workers aren’t directly replaced, their existing skills may become obsolete, creating a gap between the current workforce’s capabilities and the demands of automated manufacturing.
Government Initiatives and Strategies for Workforce Transition:
– The Chinese government recognizes these challenges and is implementing a multi-pronged approach to manage the transition:
Investment in Education and Training Programs:
– Reskilling and Upskilling: A primary focus is on providing comprehensive reskilling and upskilling initiatives. This includes promoting STEM education, and offering training in data science, AI development, robotics operation and maintenance, and cybersecurity.
– Vocational Training: There’s a significant push for vocational schools to offer industrial robot-related courses. The number of such schools has dramatically increased over the past decade.
Lifelong Learning: The government is encouraging a culture of continuous learning to empower individuals to adapt and acquire new skills throughout their careers.
Targeted Retraining: Programs are being developed to specifically target workers displaced by automation, particularly in regions heavily impacted by factory modernization.
Strategic Policy Directives:
– “Made in China 2025”: This strategic plan, while controversial internationally, explicitly prioritizes “intelligent manufacturing” and aims to foster technological development, reduce reliance on imported technologies, and upgrade China’s industrial capabilities. Talent development is a core component of this strategy.
– Financial Incentives: The government offers low-interest loans, tax relief, and subsidies to encourage investment in robotics and AI, and to support companies in upgrading their facilities and training their employees.
New Job Categories: Official recognition of new job categories like “industrial robot operators” and “maintenance personnel” helps standardize the industry and vocational training.
Support for Entrepreneurship and Innovation:
– The government is encouraging the creation of new businesses and industries that can absorb displaced workers and foster innovation in the AI-driven economy.
Strengthening Social Safety Nets:
– While not a direct training initiative, expanding social welfare programs is crucial to provide support for unemployed workers during the transition period.
Collaboration:
– There’s an emphasis on fostering collaboration between government, industry, and academia to develop cohesive policies and strategies for a just and equitable transition to an AI-driven economy.
Starting in July 1, 2025, China will permanently eliminate mobile roaming fees nationwide, marking a major shift in the telecom sector. This policy aims to reduce costs for consumers, boost domestic travel, and promote digital inclusion. This report examines the economic, sectoral, and consumer impacts of this change.
1. Policy Details
Domestic Roaming Fees Abolished: No extra charges for calls, texts, or data when traveling outside home provinces.
Scope: Applies to all major carriers (China Mobile, China Telecom, China Unicom).
2. Key Impacts
A. Consumer Benefits
Lower Costs:
– Travelers, migrant workers, and business users save on cross-province communication.
– Rural users benefit from seamless connectivity without extra fees.
Increased Usage:
More calls, mobile data consumption, and digital service adoption.
B. Telecom Sector Adjustments
Revenue Impact:
– Short-term dip in carrier profits (roaming fees contributed ~3-5% of revenue).
– Long-term gains possible via increased data usage and 5G upgrades.
Competition:
– Carriers may introduce new bundled plans to retain customers.
C. Economic & Business Effects
Tourism & Transportation:
– Easier communication encourages domestic travel (boost for hotels, airlines, ride-hailing).
– E-Commerce & Gig Economy:
Delivery drivers, remote workers, and digital nomads benefit from cost-free mobility.
3. Challenges & Risks
Carrier Profitability: Smaller regional operators may face revenue pressure.
Network Congestion: Increased usage could strain infrastructure in high-traffic areas.
Regulatory Oversight: MIIT must ensure compliance and prevent hidden fees.
4. Strategic Recommendations
For Telecom Companies:
– Shift focus to 5G/value-added services (cloud, IoT, streaming).
– Introduce new loyalty plans to offset lost roaming revenue.
For Businesses:
– Logistics, tourism, and gig platforms can leverage seamless connectivity for expansion.
For Policymakers:
– Monitor rural network upgrades to ensure equal access.
No more BS. On June 15th, the Chinese Ministry of National Defense issued a firm statement indicating a shift in their response to foreign aircraft infringing on China’s airspace. Instead of mere protests, the statement declared that such aircraft, particularly military ones, would be directly shot down. This warning specifically applies to the airspace around disputed territories like Huangyan Island (Scarborough Shoal) and the Diaoyu Islands (Senkaku Islands), where entry into the 12-nautical-mile air territorial limit could result in being targeted.
China is significantly expanding its astronomical capabilities with the construction of two new telescopes at the Lenghu Astronomical Base in Qinghai. This region is highly regarded for its excellent astronomical observation conditions, including clear night skies, stable atmospheric conditions, and minimal light pollution.
The two new telescopes are:
A meter-level dedicated solar system astrometric telescope: This telescope, with a 4.2-meter diameter, is designed for high-precision astrometric measurements of solar system objects. Upon completion, it will be the largest specialized telescope for astrometric measurements globally, contributing significantly to high-precision positioning of solar system objects. This will enhance space safety and asteroid monitoring.
A 2.5-meter multi-channel universal telescope: While details on its specific multi-channel capabilities are still emerging, a 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST), also known as “Mozi,” is already a prominent feature at Lenghu and is designed for time-domain surveys, including the detection of supernovae and near-Earth asteroids. The new 2.5-meter multi-channel universal telescope will likely complement existing or planned observational efforts at the base.
The Lenghu Astronomical Base is becoming a major hub for astronomical research in China, with multiple projects underway, including the large Jiao Tong University Spectroscopic Telescope (JUST), a 4.4-meter telescope expected to be completed in phases by 2032. These investments aim to fill gaps in China’s large-scale observational facilities, boost its independent observational capabilities, and contribute to global astronomical exploration.
Lower Costs:
Carrier Profitability: Smaller regional operators may face revenue pressure.